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    %Z References

    Neubauer, F. J.; Burwell, C. G.; Miller, W. C.

    Roberts, L. C., Jr.

    AA(first author's institution) AB(second author's institution) ...

    <EMAIL>email address</EMAIL>

    (C) 1990: American Astromomical Society

    %Z Bechtold,~J., \etal 1994, \aj, 108, 374
       Massa, D. L., & Savage, B. D. 1984, ApJ, 279, 310
       Savage, B. D., & Mathis, J. S. 1979, ARA&A, 17, 73

 %R 1993ApJ...415...50C
 %A Cavaliere, A.; Colafrancesco, S.; Menci, N.
 %J Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol.415, no. 1, p. 50-57.
 %D 09/1993
 %L 57
 %T Distant clusters of galaxies detected by X-rays
 %K Cosmic Plasma, Dark Matter, Galactic Clusters, X-ray Astronomy, Baryons, 
    Luminosity, Redshift
 %B The dynamical masses of groups and clusters of galaxies decrease on average
 with increasing redshift, after the hierarchical cosmogonies dominated by
 direct collapses of dark matter overdensities. We show that the masses of
 intracluster plasma emitting in the X-ray band are to decrease more rapidly. We
 also show that consideration of the intrinsic spread in the dynamical formation
 times leads us to predict more numerous faint sources at given dynamical mass.
 The model we compute yields steeper luminosity functions in the X-ray band with
 a specific change in lookback time: the bright end shifts back. Such negative
 evolution is fast even at modest redshifts z less than about 0.5 if the
 external gas infalling into groups of clusters was preheated and has cooled
 down after z of about 1.5-2. If so, the evolution is considerably faster in the
 X-ray than in the optical band, comparing interestingly with data from the
 existing surveys.
 %Z Abell, Ci. 0. 1958, ApJS, 3, 211
 Barcons, X., Fabian, A. C., & Rees, M. J. 1991, Nature, 350, 685
 Bardeen, J. M., Bond, J. R., Kaiser, N., & Szalay, A. 5. 1986, ApJ, 403, 15
 Blumenthal, Ci., Faber, S. M., Primack, J. R., & Rees, M. J. 1984, Nature, 311, 517
 Bohringer, H., et al. 1991, in Proc. NATO ASI "Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies," ed. A. C. Fabian (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 71
 Burg, R., Cavaliere, A., & Menci, N. 1993, ApJ, 404, L55
 Cavaliere, A., Gursky, H., & Tucker, W. H. 1971, Nature, 231, 437
 Cavaliere, A., & Colafrancesco, 5. 1988, ApJ, 331, 660
 ---. 1990, in Clusters of Galaxies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 43
 Cavaliere, A., Burg, R., & Giacconi, R. 1991, ApJ, 366, L61
 
 %R 1993ApJ...415L..51F
 %A Furton, Douglas G.; Witt, Adolf N.
 %J Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters, vol. 415, no. 1, p. L51-L54.  
 %D 09/1993
 %L 54
 %T Activation of extended red emission photoluminescence in carbon solids by 
    exposure to atomic hydrogen and UV radiation
 %K Carbon, Hydrogen Atoms, Interstellar Matter, Photoluminescence, Ultraviolet 
    Radiation, Cosmic Dust, Interstellar Extinction
 %B We report on new laboratory results which relate directly to the observation
 of strongly enhanced extended red emission (ERE) by interstellar dust in H2 
 photodissociation zones. The ERE has been attributed to photoluminescence by 
 hydrogenated amorphous carbon (HAC). We are demonstrating that exposure to 
 thermally dissociated atomic hydrogen will restore the photoluminescence 
 efficiency of previously annealed HAC. Also, pure amorphous carbon (AC), not 
 previously photoluminescent, can be induced to photoluminesce by exposure to 
 atomic hydrogen. This conversion of AC into HAC is greatly enhanced by the 
 presence of UV irradiation. The presence of dense, warm atomic hydrogen and a 
 strong UV radiation field are characteristic environmental properties of H2 
 dissociation zones. Our results lend strong support to the HAC 
 photoluminescence explanation for ERE.
 
 %R 1993ApJ...415...33D
 %A de Vaucouleurs, G.
 %J Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol.  415, no. 1, p. 33-39.
 %D 09/1993
 %L 39
 %T Specific frequencies of globular clusters in elliptical galaxies - A new 
    test of the extragalactic distance scale
 %K Elliptical Galaxies, Galactic Structure, Globular Clusters, Hubble Constant,
    Distance, Lenticular Bodies, Scaling
 %B The specific frequency, S, values of globular clusters in elliptical galaxies
 (S is the ratio between total (extrapolated) number, N(t), and absolute
 luminosity of the galaxy) depend on the adopted distance scale. If the distance
 is derived form the redshift with an assumed value of the Hubble ratio, h =
 H/100, then the optimum value of h may be derived for a sample of normal E
 galaxies covering a sufficient range of distances by finding the value of h
 which minimizes the dispersion. In this paper, the best consistency between the
 specific frequencies of globular clusters among nine normal E galaxies is
 reached for H = 85 +/- 4, where the error is evidently an internal error only.
 H = 85 is also the value that minimizes the mean specific frequency itself.
 
 %R 1993ApJ...415....1S
 %A Sandage, Allan; Tammann, G. A.
 %J Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol.  415, no. 1, p. 1-9.
 %D 09/1993
 %L 9
 %T The Hubble diagram in V for supernovae of Type Ia and the value of H(0) 
    therefrom
 %K Cepheid Variables, Galactic Structure, Hubble Space Telescope, Supernovae, 
    Astronomical Photometry, Calibrating
 %B The Hubble diagram for Type I supernovae is derived in V and is summarized 
 from the literature in B and in m(pg). The ridge line equation of the diagram 
 in V and the calibration of the absolute magnitudes at maximum are presented. 
 The intrinsic (B - V) color at B maximum light is 0.09 +/- 0.04 mag. The Virgo
 Cluster distance is derived and found to be 23.9 +/- 2.4 Mpc. This Virgo
 distance gives the cosmic value of the Hubble constant to be H(0) = 47 +/- 5
 km/sec per Mpc.
 
 %R 1995ldef.symp...37R
 %A Reitz, G.
 %T Dosimetric results on EURECA
 %J In NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. Third 
    Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1 p.37-42
 %D 02/1995
 %L 42
 %B Detector packages were exposed on the European Retrievable Carrier
 (EURECA) as part of the Biostack experiment inside the Exobiology and
 Radiation Assembly (ERA) and at several locations around EURECA. The
 packages consist of different plastic nuclear track detectors, nuclear
 emulsions and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD's). Evaluation of these
 detectors yields data on absorbed dose and particle and LET spectra.
 Preliminary results of absorbed dose measurements in the EURECA
 dosimeter packages are reported and compared to results of the LDEF
 experiments. The highest dose rate measured on EURECA is 63.3 plus or
 minus 0.4 mGy d(exp -1) behind a shielding thickness of 0.09 g cm(exp
 -2) in front of the detector package.