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Title:
The EChO science case
Authors:
Tinetti, Giovanna; Drossart, Pierre; Eccleston, Paul; Hartogh, Paul; Isaak, Kate; Linder, Martin; Lovis, Christophe; Micela, Giusi; Ollivier, Marc; Puig, Ludovic; Ribas, Ignasi; Snellen, Ignas; Swinyard, Bruce; Allard, France; Barstow, Joanna; Cho, James; Coustenis, Athena; Cockell, Charles; Correia, Alexandre; Decin, Leen; de Kok, Remco; Deroo, Pieter; Encrenaz, Therese; Forget, Francois; Glasse, Alistair; Griffith, Caitlin; Guillot, Tristan; Koskinen, Tommi; Lammer, Helmut; Leconte, Jeremy; Maxted, Pierre; Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo; Nelson, Richard; North, Chris; Pallé, Enric; Pagano, Isabella; Piccioni, Guseppe; Pinfield, David; Selsis, Franck; Sozzetti, Alessandro; Stixrude, Lars; Tennyson, Jonathan; Turrini, Diego; Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa; Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe; Grodent, Denis; Guedel, Manuel; Luz, David; Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik; Ray, Tom; Rickman, Hans; Selig, Avri; Swain, Mark; Banaszkiewicz, Marek; Barlow, Mike; Bowles, Neil; Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella; du Foresto, Vincent Coudé; Gerard, Jean-Claude; Gizon, Laurent; Hornstrup, Allan; Jarchow, Christopher; Kerschbaum, Franz; Kovacs, Géza; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Lim, Tanya; Lopez-Morales, Mercedes; Malaguti, Giuseppe; Pace, Emanuele; Pascale, Enzo; Vandenbussche, Bart; Wright, Gillian; Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo; Adriani, Alberto; Azzollini, Ruymán; Balado, Ana; Bryson, Ian; Burston, Raymond; Colomé, Josep; Crook, Martin; Di Giorgio, Anna; Griffin, Matt; Hoogeveen, Ruud; Ottensamer, Roland; Irshad, Ranah; Middleton, Kevin; Morgante, Gianluca; Pinsard, Frederic; Rataj, Mirek; Reess, Jean-Michel; Savini, Giorgio; Schrader, Jan-Rutger; Stamper, Richard; Winter, Berend; Abe, L.; Abreu, M.; Achilleos, N.; Ade, P.; Adybekian, V.; Affer, L.; Agnor, C.; Agundez, M.; Alard, C.; Alcala, J.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alonso Floriano, F. J.; Altieri, F.; Alvarez Iglesias, C. A.; Amado, P.; Andersen, A.; Aylward, A.; Baffa, C.; Bakos, G.; Ballerini, P.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Barber, R. J.; Barrado, D.; Barton, E. J.; Batista, V.; Bellucci, G.; Belmonte Avilés, J. A.; Berry, D.; Bézard, B.; Biondi, D.; Blecka, M.; Boisse, I.; Bonfond, B.; Bordé, P.; Börner, P.; Bouy, H.; Brown, L.; Buchhave, L.; Budaj, J.; Bulgarelli, A.; Burleigh, M.; Cabral, A.; Capria, M. T.; Cassan, A.; Cavarroc, C.; Cecchi-Pestellini, C.; Cerulli, R.; Chadney, J.; Chamberlain, S.; Charnoz, S.; Christian Jessen, N.; Ciaravella, A.; Claret, A.; Claudi, R.; Coates, A.; Cole, R.; Collura, A.; Cordier, D.; Covino, E.; Danielski, C.; Damasso, M.; Deeg, H. J.; Delgado-Mena, E.; Del Vecchio, C.; Demangeon, O.; De Sio, A.; De Wit, J.; Dobrijévic, M.; Doel, P.; Dominic, C.; Dorfi, E.; Eales, S.; Eiroa, C.; Espinoza Contreras, M.; Esposito, M.; Eymet, V.; Fabrizio, N.; Fernández, M.; Femenía Castella, B.; Figueira, P.; Filacchione, G.; Fletcher, L.; Focardi, M.; Fossey, S.; Fouqué, P.; Frith, J.; Galand, M.; Gambicorti, L.; Gaulme, P.; García López, R. J.; Garcia-Piquer, A.; Gear, W.; Gerard, J.-C.; Gesa, L.; Giani, E.; Gianotti, F.; Gillon, M.; Giro, E.; Giuranna, M.; Gomez, H.; Gomez-Leal, I.; Gonzalez Hernandez, J.; González Merino, B.; Graczyk, R.; Grassi, D.; Guardia, J.; Guio, P.; Gustin, J.; Hargrave, P.; Haigh, J.; Hébrard, E.; Heiter, U.; Heredero, R. L.; Herrero, E.; Hersant, F.; Heyrovsky, D.; Hollis, M.; Hubert, B.; Hueso, R.; Israelian, G.; Iro, N.; Irwin, P.; Jacquemoud, S.; Jones, G.; Jones, H.; Justtanont, K.; Kehoe, T.; Kerschbaum, F.; Kerins, E.; Kervella, P.; Kipping, D.; Koskinen, T.; Krupp, N.; Lahav, O.; Laken, B.; Lanza, N.; Lellouch, E.; Leto, G.; Licandro Goldaracena, J.; Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.; Liu, S. J.; Lo Cicero, U.; Lodieu, N.; Lognonné, P.; Lopez-Puertas, M.; Lopez-Valverde, M. A.; Lundgaard Rasmussen, I.; Luntzer, A.; Machado, P.; MacTavish, C.; Maggio, A.; Maillard, J.-P.; Magnes, W.; Maldonado, J.; Mall, U.; Marquette, J.-B.; Mauskopf, P.; Massi, F.; Maurin, A.-S.; Medvedev, A.; Michaut, C.; Miles-Paez, P.; Montalto, M.; Montañés Rodríguez, P.; Monteiro, M.; Montes, D.; Morais, H.; Morales, J. C.; Morales-Calderón, M.; Morello, G.; Moro Martín, A.; Moses, J.; Moya Bedon, A.; Murgas Alcaino, F.; Oliva, E.; Orton, G.; Palla, F.; Pancrazzi, M.; Pantin, E.; Parmentier, V.; Parviainen, H.; Peña Ramírez, K. Y.; Peralta, J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Petrov, R.; Pezzuto, S.; Pietrzak, R.; Pilat-Lohinger, E.; Piskunov, N.; Prinja, R.; Prisinzano, L.; Polichtchouk, I.; Poretti, E.; Radioti, A.; Ramos, A. A.; Rank-Lüftinger, T.; Read, P.; Readorn, K.; Rebolo López, R.; Rebordão, J.; Rengel, M.; Rezac, L.; Rocchetto, M.; Rodler, F.; Sánchez Béjar, V. J.; Sanchez Lavega, A.; Sanromá, E.; Santos, N.; Sanz Forcada, J.; Scandariato, G.; Schmider, F.-X.; Scholz, A.; Scuderi, S.; Sethenadh, J.; Shore, S.; Showman, A.; Sicardy, B.; Sitek, P.; Smith, A.; Soret, L.; Sousa, S.; Stiepen, A.; Stolarski, M.; Strazzulla, G.; Tabernero, H. M.; Tanga, P.; Tecsa, M.; Temple, J.; Terenzi, L.; Tessenyi, M.; Testi, L.; Thompson, S.; Thrastarson, H.; Tingley, B. W.; Trifoglio, M.; Martín Torres, J.; Tozzi, A.; Turrini, D.; Varley, R.; Vakili, F.; de Val-Borro, M.; Valdivieso, M. L.; Venot, O.; Villaver, E.; Vinatier, S.; Viti, S.; Waldmann, I.; Waltham, D.; Ward-Thompson, D.; Waters, R.; Watkins, C.; Watson, D.; Wawer, P.; Wawrzaszk, A.; White, G.; Widemann, T.; Winek, W.; Wisniowski, T.; Yelle, R.; Yung, Y.; Yurchenko, S. N.
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), AB(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), AC(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK), AD(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), AE(European Space Agency-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands), AF(European Space Agency-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands), AG(Geneva Observatory, Geneva, Switzerland), AH(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), AI(Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), AJ(European Space Agency-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands), AK(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), AL(Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands), AM(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), AN(Ecole Normale Superieure, Lyon, France), AO(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), AP(Queen Mary University London, London, UK), AQ(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), AR(Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK), AS(Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal), AT(University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), AU(SRON, Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands), AV(NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA), AW(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), AX(LMD, Paris, France), AY(STFC UK-ATC, Edinburgh, UK), AZ(University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA), BA(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), BB(University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA), BC(IWF, Graz, Austria), BD(Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; LMD, Paris, France), BE(Keele University, Keele, UK), BF(Imperial College, London, UK), BG(Queen Mary University London, London, UK), BH(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), BI(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), BJ(INAF- OAT, Catania, Italy), BK(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), BL(University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK), BM(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), BN(INAF, Torino, Italy), BO(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), BP(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), BQ(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), BR(CAB, Madrid, Spain), BS(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France), BT(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), BU(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), BV(Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal), BW(DSRI, Lyngby, Denmark), BX(Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland), BY(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden), BZ(SRON, Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands), CA(NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA), CB(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), CC(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), CD(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), CE(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, UK), CF(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), CG(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), CH(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), CI(Konkoly Observatory, Budapest, Hungary), CJ(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), CK(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), CL(Konkoly Observatory, Budapest, Hungary), CM(Centre Energie Atomique -- Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), CN(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK), CO(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), CP(INAF -- IASF -- Bologna, Bologna, Italy), CQ(Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy), CR(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), CS(University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), CT(STFC UK-ATC, Edinburgh, UK), CU(INTA, Águilas, Spain), CV(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), CW(Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland), CX(INTA, Águilas, Spain), CY(STFC UK-ATC, Edinburgh, UK), CZ(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), DA(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), DB(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK), DC(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), DD(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), DE(SRON, Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands), DF(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), DG(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK), DH(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK), DI(INAF -- IASF -- Bologna, Bologna, Italy), DJ(Centre Energie Atomique -- Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), DK(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), DL(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), DM(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), DN(SRON, Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands), DO(STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK), DP(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, UK), DQ(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), DR(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), DS(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), DT(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), DU(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), DV(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), DW(Queen Mary University London, London, UK), DX(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), DY(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France), DZ(INAF -- Capodimonte, Naples, Italy), EA(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), EB(UCM, Madrid, Spain), EC(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), ED(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), EE(IAA, Madrid, Spain), EF(DARK Cosmology Center, Copenhagen, Denmark), EG(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), EH(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), EI(Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA), EJ(INAF- OAT, Catania, Italy), EK(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), EL(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), EM(CAB, Madrid, Spain; INTA, Águilas, Spain), EN(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), EO(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France), EP(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), EQ(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), ER(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), ES(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), ET(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), EU(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), EV(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), EW(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), EX(Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France), EY(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), EZ(CAB, Madrid, Spain; INTA, Águilas, Spain), FA(NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA), FB(DARK Cosmology Center, Copenhagen, Denmark), FC(Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia), FD(INAF -- IASF -- Bologna, Bologna, Italy), FE(University of Leicester, Leicester, UK), FF(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), FG(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), FH(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France), FI(Centre Energie Atomique -- Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), FJ(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), FK(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), FL(Imperial College, London, UK), FM(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), FN(Centre Energie Atomique -- Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), FO(DTU Space, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark), FP(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), FQ(IAA, Madrid, Spain), FR(INAF -- Padova, Padova, Italy), FS(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, UK), FT(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, UK), FU(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), FV(Observatoire de Besancon, Besancon, France), FW(INAF -- Capodimonte, Naples, Italy), FX(Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France), FY(INAF, Torino, Italy), FZ(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), GA(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), GB(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), GC(Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France), GD(Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy), GE(Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA), GF(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), GG(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), GH(University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), GI(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), GJ(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), GK(UAM, Madrid, Spain), GL(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), GM(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), GN(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), GO(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), GP(IAA, Madrid, Spain), GQ(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), GR(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), GS(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), GT(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), GU(Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy), GV(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), GW(LATT, Toulouse, France), GX(University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK), GY(Imperial College, London, UK), GZ(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), HA(Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France), HB(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), HC(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), HD(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), HE(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), HF(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), HG(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), HH(INAF -- IASF -- Bologna, Bologna, Italy), HI(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), HJ(INAF -- Padova, Padova, Italy), HK(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), HL(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), HM(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), HN(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), HO(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), HP(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), HQ(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), HR(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), HS(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), HT(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), HU(Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK), HV(Imperial College, London, UK), HW(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), HX(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden), HY(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), HZ(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), IA(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), IB(Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic), IC(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), ID(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), IE(UPV, Valencia, Spain), IF(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), IG(University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany), IH(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), II(IPGP, Paris, France), IJ(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, UK), IK(University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK), IL(Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden), IM(Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal), IN(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), IO(University of Manchester, Manchester, UK), IP(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), IQ(Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA), IR(University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA), IS(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), IT(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), IU(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), IV(INAF- OAT, Catania, Italy), IW(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), IX(INAF- OAT, Catania, Italy), IY(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), IZ(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), JA(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), JB(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), JC(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), JD(IPGP, Paris, France), JE(IAA, Madrid, Spain), JF(IAA, Madrid, Spain), JG(DTU Space, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark), JH(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), JI(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), JJ(Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK), JK(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), JL(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France), JM(IWF, Graz, Austria), JN(UAM, Madrid, Spain), JO(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), JP(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France), JQ(University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA), JR(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), JS(Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France), JT(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), JU(IPGP, Paris, France), JV(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), JW(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), JX(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), JY(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), JZ(UCM, Madrid, Spain), KA(Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal), KB(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), KC(CAB, Madrid, Spain; INTA, Águilas, Spain), KD(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), KE(CAB, Madrid, Spain; INTA, Águilas, Spain), KF(Space Science Institute, Seabrook, TX, USA), KG(CAB, Madrid, Spain; INTA, Águilas, Spain), KH(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), KI(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), KJ(NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA), KK(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), KL(Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy), KM(Centre Energie Atomique -- Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), KN(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), KO(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), KP(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), KQ(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), KR(UPV, Valencia, Spain), KS(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), KT(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), KU(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), KV(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), KW(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden), KX(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), KY(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), KZ(Queen Mary University London, London, UK), LA(INAF -- Brera, Milan, Italy), LB(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), LC(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), LD(University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), LE(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), LF(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), LG(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), LH(CAAUL, Lisbon, Portugal), LI(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), LJ(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), LK(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), LL(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain), LM(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), LN(UPV, Valencia, Spain), LO(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), LP(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), LQ(CAB, Madrid, Spain; INTA, Águilas, Spain), LR(INAF: Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, Palermo, Italy), LS(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), LT(Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland), LU(INAF- OAT, Catania, Italy), LV(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), LW(Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), LX(University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA), LY(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), LZ(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), MA(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, UK), MB(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), MC(CAUP, Porto, Portugal), MD(Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium), ME(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), MF(INAF- OAT, Catania, Italy), MG(UCM, Madrid, Spain), MH(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), MI(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), MJ(Oxford University, Oxford, UK), MK(INAF -- IASF -- Bologna, Bologna, Italy), ML(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), MM(ESO, Garching, Germany), MN(Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK), MO(California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA), MP(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), MQ(INAF -- IASF -- Bologna, Bologna, Italy), MR(Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Granada, Spain; Luleå Technical University, Kiruna, Sweden), MS(INAF -- Arcetri, Florence, Italy), MT(INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy), MU(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), MV(Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France), MW(Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany), MX(Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), MY(University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), MZ(UAM, Madrid, Spain), NA(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), NB(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), NC(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK), ND(Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, UK), NE(University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK), NF(SRON, Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands), NG(Queen Mary University London, London, UK), NH(DARK Cosmology Center, Copenhagen, Denmark), NI(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), NJ(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), NK(Open University, Milton Keynes, UK), NL(LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), NM(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), NN(Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), NO(University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA), NP(California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA), NQ(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK)
Publication:
Experimental Astronomy, Volume 40, Issue 2-3, pp. 329-391 (ExA Homepage)
Publication Date:
12/2015
Origin:
SPRINGER
Keywords:
Exoplanets, Spectroscopy, Atmospheric science, IR astronomy, Space missions
Abstract Copyright:
(c) 2015: The Author(s)
DOI:
10.1007/s10686-015-9484-8
Bibliographic Code:
2015ExA....40..329T

Abstract

The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune---all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10-4 relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength coverage of at least 0.55 to 11 mum with a goal of covering from 0.4 to 16 mum. Only modest spectral resolving power is needed, with R ~ 300 for wavelengths less than 5 mum and R ~ 30 for wavelengths greater than this. The transit spectroscopy technique means that no spatial resolution is required. A telescope collecting area of about 1 m2 is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision: for the Phase A study a 1.13 m2 telescope, diffraction limited at 3 mum has been adopted. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. EChO has been conceived to achieve a single goal: exoplanet spectroscopy. The spectral coverage and signal-to-noise to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would be a game changer by allowing atmospheric composition to be measured with unparalleled exactness: at least a factor 10 more precise and a factor 10 to 1000 more accurate than current observations. This would enable the detection of molecular abundances three orders of magnitude lower than currently possible and a fourfold increase from the handful of molecules detected to date. Combining these data with estimates of planetary bulk compositions from accurate measurements of their radii and masses would allow degeneracies associated with planetary interior modelling to be broken, giving unique insight into the interior structure and elemental abundances of these alien worlds. EChO would allow scientists to study exoplanets both as a population and as individuals. The mission can target super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300-3000 K) of F to M-type host stars. The EChO core science would be delivered by a three-tier survey. The EChO Chemical Census: This is a broad survey of a few-hundred exoplanets, which allows us to explore the spectroscopic and chemical diversity of the exoplanet population as a whole. The EChO Origin: This is a deep survey of a subsample of tens of exoplanets for which significantly higher signal to noise and spectral resolution spectra can be obtained to explain the origin of the exoplanet diversity (such as formation mechanisms, chemical processes, atmospheric escape). The EChO Rosetta Stones: This is an ultra-high accuracy survey targeting a subsample of select exoplanets. These will be the bright "benchmark" cases for which a large number of measurements would be taken to explore temporal variations, and to obtain two and three dimensional spatial information on the atmospheric conditions through eclipse-mapping techniques. If EChO were launched today, the exoplanets currently observed are sufficient to provide a large and diverse sample. The Chemical Census survey would consist of > 160 exoplanets with a range of planetary sizes, temperatures, orbital parameters and stellar host properties. Additionally, over the next 10 years, several new ground- and space-based transit photometric surveys and missions will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets.
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